Adolescence and music Free Essays

Consider the melody verses gave underneath, the two verses and execution, searching for topics or messages for young people or identifying with immature turn of events. You ought to portray the music and utilize the verses to clarify what the verses impart to youths and about young people, including a contention for whether there are social, moral, and political messages passed on in the melody. At long last, utilizing what you have found out about immaturity, argue for what reason would this music offer to teenagers Name: Course: Psychology 310, Fall 2006 Tutor: Date: University: Adolescence is a development and advancement stage in ones life where a bunch of changes both as far as mental and physical terms produce results. We will compose a custom article test on Pre-adulthood and music or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Anyway whether a young person will effectively travel into grown-up hood or get caught by the difficulties of youth is molded by among others, family, the quality of the immature, and the outer condition with which the juvenile interface, for example, strict settings, just as school (Steinberg, 1999)). This verse melody is made to explore the progressions both social and passionate that are experienced by young people. Character advancement in young people changes the way a juvenile perspectives his/her self and the way similar perspectives the outside world. The horde of difficulties a juvenile experiences shapes his/her relations with peers. The melody gave builds up specific topics, which are on the whole vital to the life of any juvenile; the greater part of the subjects spin around culture, and ethical quality. Sex. Puberty is a period portrayed by the acknowledgment of ones sex and sexuality. In the melody this comes out when the verses notice sex regarding youthfulness. It uncovers the way that teenagers are of sex and sex matters and this is all around showed in the expression that, â€Å"The timing/and structure/did you hear/he screwed her? † Relations with peers. Puberty is when teenagers rely upon their companions for pretty much every choice they make. They continually search for remarks and proposals from individual young people whom they see as their rise to and have no dread for, not at all like their folks whom they consider too â€Å" antiquated to comprehend them†. In this verse tune, there is a line that, â€Å"I’ll go to a companion, somebody that understands†, that proves this. Status changes. Puberty is a short lived period and a ton occurs simultaneously in the lives of youths (Arnett, 2004). In the melody, this comes up unmistakably when the teenager in the tune compares and digs into the following phase of life, adulthood and even imagines a marriage life. Personality arrangement The numerous inquiries posed in the melody point to the way that the pre-adult is finding their character in the general public. This is a typical characteristic in young people who will in general append an ethical implication to each and every event to their life (Arnett, J. A. 2002). The verses continue tending to the issue of profound quality by posing inquiries on whether either is good and bad. A model is found on the line, did you hear/he screwed her? Changing individual connections. Not at all like in youth when one can essentially connect with any one, youngsters are particular of whom they go into individual associations with. In the verses this is prove by the way that the artist continues discussing the relationship and as it were, shielding and protecting it from seeing dangers. This is prove by the explanation that she will go to a companion who is understanding. Individuation process. This is confirm by the way that the artist wouldn't like to envision any one taking his/her companion. It appears he/she is set up to gangs the companion alone and no where close to sharing the fellowship. Framing and dissolving close connections. It is obvious that, from the conclusions in the tune, the vocalist is prepared to represent the deciding moment the relationship. This is normal for young people and it is confirm by the expression that, The act/it won’t last/I won’t return. Psycho social issues. As the melody advances, it becomes more clear that the youthful has some psycho social issues which should be tended to. Puberty period is brimming with issues particularly enthusiastic and except if very much took care of, one can experience the ill effects of melancholy. This can be prove by the expressions, â€Å"on losing/and failing†, and ‘we’ll imagine it’s okay’. Psychological turn of events. There is away from of created conceptual intuition since all through the tune the juvenile is drawing his/her inclination from dynamic examination of circumstances and not from just perception. Proof can be drawn from the line that, â€Å"and your photos/are tumbling down. † Effects. There is expanded hesitance, which is the reason for the envisioned crowd obvious all through the verses. This can be appeared from the verses by the way that the essayist chooses to go just to a getting companion. End. Immaturity is a difficult stage in life when a great deal of psychosocial, subjective and physical changes show up in the lives of youths. The melody examined above will engage most young people since it delivers issues integral to their development and formative needs. There is a requirement for additional examinations to be planned for finding solutions for the numerous difficulties a youngster is confronted with. Progressively finished, it is vital that the administration concocts programs outfitted at supporting the youngsters just as the network in managing the difficulties related with adolelescence. The most effective method to refer to Adolescence and music, Papers

Autobiography Essay Essay

Numerous individuals in today’s society think since I am a youngster I have a ton of fun filled life. All things considered, that isn't correct. Life has many high points and low points however it is up to us whether we need it to be an effective one or not. Life is loaded up with hindrances for us to conquer regardless of how heartbreaking. In 2009, the most sudden catastrophe I believed that could never happen happened. My granddad passed on in September and my grandma kicked the bucket in December. It was a hard and troublesome time for me since the two of them passed on inside only four months separated from one another. Another occurrence happened that was practically deadly. My sibling was engaged with an auto collision in Kemp Road a year ago May. The mishap was so horrendous, the correct side of his body was incapacitated. He needed to do treatment at Doctors Hospital so he could drive and walk appropriately once more. At some point in everyone’s life, they are either anxious or terrified to take an assessment. I had my experience of apprehension when I needed to take my national assessment. In the Bahamas, the national assessment is a test understudies would need to take for the Bahamas General Certificate of Secondary Education (B.G.C.S.E.) or the Bahamas Junior Certificate (B.J.C.). The test I needed to take was Music which comprises of hypothesis and a reasonable test. Hypothesis intends to tune in to a melodic piece and answer inquiries regarding it and down to earth intends to play a melodic piece. At the point when it was my chance to play out my melodic piece, I froze however I attempted my best to try to avoid panicking. Truly, a large number of butterflies were in my stomach simply like some other individual would have before a major test like that one. As I played my piece, the a great many butterflies I was encountering were diminishing by each note I played. When as I wrapped up my piece, I was sure I passed and I did with a B. Probably the best achievement I accomplished in my life is moving on from Aquinas College Catholic High School and accepting my certificate. I was veryâ satisfied with my achievement and accomplishment and made my folks pleased. My different accomplishment in life is acquiring my driver’s permit. For a young person, having your permit is a serious deal since it is one bit nearer to opportunity. Most people couldn't state they have their first godchild until the age of 30, yet I had the benefit of having my first godchild at 16 years old. Her name is Danielle Rigby and she is my unrivaled delight. Some different triumphs throughout my life are cooking and playing the flute from the age of 10, playing my clarinet from the age of 15 and being acknowledged into the incomparable Bethune Cookman University. A portion of the Bahamian dishes I can make are curry chicken and white rice, companion microscopic fish, potato plate of mixed greens, BBQ ribs, minced lobster and some more. I have been playing the flute for a long time and checking, and I treat it simply like a youthful child. My future objectives and goals are to move on from school with distinction, acquire a vocation where I can demonstrate I merit being there by attempting as well as could be expected and having my very own group sometime in the future. These things I experienced to turn into the youngster I am today. This is my life, my story.

Setting Boundaries With Addicted Grandparents

Setting Boundaries With Addicted Grandparents Addiction Coping and Recovery Print Setting Boundaries With Addicted Grandparents By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on June 25, 2019 Track5/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Times have changed. In the 1970s, 1980s, and even the 1990s, it was not uncommon for parents of young children to smoke and drink alcohol around them. While a few still do, many younger parents choose not to drink or smoke at all, and rightly so. Recognition of the health harms of secondhand smoke on babies and children and awareness of the impact of role modeling on future behavior discourages younger parents from drinking and smoking around their children. But for grandparents who smoked throughout their adult lives, and are now in their 60s, 70s, or older, many feel they do not need to quit. Similarly, many people who drink excessive amounts of alcohol underestimate how much they consume, and do not believe their behavior or their alcohol consumption is problematic. Some believe the risks of smoking and drinking are exaggerated, as they think because they have not been diagnosed with a serious illness, that they are in good health. Hard though it is to understand, even some of those who have been diagnosed with serious illnesses, including conditions directly related to smoking and drinking, refuse to change their behavior concerning these substances. Yet it can be difficult for younger parents to confront their own parents, or even ask them not to drink or smoke around their grandchildren, for fear of offending or angering their parents. The Need for Boundaries Setting boundaries with parents are difficult for the adult children of people with all kinds of addictions. The roles are reversed when you set boundaries around your parents behavior. Setting boundaries around parents smoking are particularly difficult, because smokers cling to their right to smoke while exposing your child to increased risks of smoking themselves, and of the health risks of secondhand and third-hand smoke. Alcohol can be even more problematic  if your parent drinks and becomes intoxicated around your child or children. While past generations may have laughed it off, parents are now more knowledgeable about the impact of drinking on youngsters. Not only may it encourage them to think of drinking as normal and harmless if grandma or grandpa does it, but drunkenness can lead to inappropriate language or behavior, which can lead to a range of outcomes, from embarrassment to abuse. Making excuses for your parents rarely works. Kids can sense their parents discomfort, and it can be difficult to explain away your parents behavior to your children, or even to answer their questions about their grandparents behavior in a way that feels honest and informative. Allowing these behaviors to continue can lead to rifts in the family which, ultimately, could impact your feelings about your children spending time with their grandparents at all. As an adult child, you are no longer obliged to follow your parents instructions or to tolerate their unacceptable behavior. As a parent, you have a responsibility to protect your own children from the harmful effects of smoke and seeing an influential adult, their grandparent, smoking, or drinking alcohol. Therefore, you must set boundaries with your parents smoking in order to protect your child. When to Set Boundaries Before you assert yourself with your parents, It is helpful to get clear on exactly what you find unacceptable, the reasons for this, and what you would like your parents to do instead. There is a big difference between your parent absentmindedly lighting up in front of the grandchildren, or drinking alcohol early in the day, and becoming intoxicated and violent. If either of your parents becomes aggressive, violent or verbally abusive to you or your children, you should withdraw your children from spending any time with them until their behavior changes, or your child becomes an adult. You are neglecting to protect your child if you allow them to be with someone abusive, even if you love that person and believe they should spend time together. Similarly, you should not allow your children to spend time with a grandparent who uses illicit drugs. Doing so exposes your child to the modeling of drug using behavior, making it more likely your child will use drugs him or herself. Children can also be harmed by accidentally or experimentally using drugs themselves, which they may be able to do if they are in an environment where drugs are taken. They can also be hurt or infected by paraphernalia such as lighters and needles. Choosing a Safe Location to Meet You may find that your parent is more respectful of your boundaries in your home than in their own home or in some public places more than others. Choose your meeting locations accordingly, and dont give in to pressure from your parent to come to them, only to have them smoke around you and your child because it is my house, my rules. You may also be able to avoid a confrontation with your parent by selecting places for your children to spend time with your parents, where it will not be easy or even possible for your parents to smoke, drink, or use drugs. There are many public venues which provide entertainment and activities suitable for families, which do not allow smoking or public intoxication, such as shopping malls, libraries, playgrounds, restaurants, and movie theaters. The great advantage of choosing these locations, and meeting your parents right inside, rather than outside the building, is that the enforcement aspect will be taken care of by someone other than you. You can also involve your child in deciding where they are going to meet their grandparents, by giving them two or more options of safe locations, from which they can choose. That way, when you communicate the location of choice, you can explain to your parent that the activity was something your child has specifically asked to do with their grandparent. This can be an effective way of keeping your child away from your parents bad influence, while at the same time, encouraging them to develop a close relationship. How to Set Boundaries When setting boundaries with your parent, start with the most gentle boundary setting, and work up to more assertive and rigid boundaries only if your initial efforts fail. First attempt: Ask your parent not to smoke or drink in front of your child (or in front of you if it bothers you). If your first attempt is successful, and your parent does not smoke or drink in front of you or your child, you dont need to set any further boundaries. Second attempt: If your parent smokes or drinks in front of your child, remind them of your previous request, and say that if they insist on smoking or drinking, you will take your child away from their presence. If you think your parent will react in an explosive manner, you might choose to do this away from your child, so that you dont upset your child, or open yourself up to manipulations from your parent (such as, Look, you are upsetting the children!). Follow up with a frank discussion with your parent, perhaps on the phone, about how important it is to avoid exposing your child to secondhand smoke, or to alcohol, and suggest trying to work out an agreement whereby they can refrain from smoking or drinking during a specified period of time, or in a situation that will allow your parent to take a smoke break away from your child. But remember, third-hand smokeâ€"which refers to the particles and gases that are left over after a cigarette is extinguished and remain on virtually any surface in an area where someone has smokedâ€"also carries risks to your child. Final attempt: If your parent continues to smoke or drink in front of your child, or engages in manipulations to pressurize you into tolerating them smoking or drinking, I would suggest you limit physical contact between your parent and your child. This might seem harsh and may be distressing for both of them, but it sends a clear message about the importance of this issue. What it boils down to is how much your parent values time with their grandchildâ€"if they care about spending time with your child, they will quit or at least restrain their smoking. In spite of what your parent may say, they are fully capable of functioning without smoking or drinking, even if it is for a brief period of time, such as an hour or two, which is typically as long as most young children will want to be engaging in an activity. If your parent is very heavily addicted to nicotine, they can use nicotine replacement during the time they are with your children, such as nicotine gum or a nicotine patch. And if they are unable to function for a short period during the day without alcohol, it is likely that they have a very serious problem with alcohol. A Word From Verywell It can be hard to stand up to your parents. You dont want to embarrass them, nor do you want to provoke an argument, particularly one you cant win. However, it is worth persevering to find a way to bring your parents and children together for the sake of their relationship, without exposing your children to their harmful influence.

Critical Analysis Of The Cocktail Party - 1100 Words

The Cocktail Party The Cocktail party (1949) is a drama of an estranged couple, Edward Chamberlayne and Lavinia Chamberlayne, due to their infidelity, incompatibility and mutual deceit. The husband has an extra-marital relationship with a society girl named Celia Copplestone. The wife has a similar relationship with an upcoming writer Peter Quilpe. Lavinias young lover defects and begins to love Celia. Lavinia becomes upset and consults a psychiatrist who advises her to disappear on a day for which the couple is to host a Cocktail Party. The play begins at this point. The psychiatrist. Sir Henry HarcourtReilly along with two of his accomplices Alexander MaColgie Gibbs and Mrs Julia rehabilitate their lives. The couples are made to realise†¦show more content†¦Modern Greeks do not practice their ancient religion; yet they, especially women, believe that Alcestis is a goddess who can bring tranquillity and happiness in their married life. Thus Alcestis myth has continued to at tract artists. Eliot too is fascinated by it. The Cocktail Party is a successful drama because it consciously helps the modern man to protect our most ancient values and institutions namely house and marriage. And it also tells about age old value of welfare of society by spiritually well developed elders, and their knowledge of meaning of life and how it must be lived happily according to our potentiality. It will be timely to begin with the cotemporary conditions that are harmful to persons, family and house. Industrialisation, liberalisation and globalisation have made men to migrate to cities in search of jobs. City men never kept to a single job or place; they move quite often in pursuit of better job. Commuting, travelling and relocating have become their second nature. Such persons never make acquaintance with their neighbours. Persons moved frequently 177 and neighbours remained strangers to them. Thus these persons severe their relationship with the society. This phenomenon is called alienation. With rapid industrialisation, countries are plagued by chronic and degenerative diseases which may be called as diseases of civilisation .^ They are principle killer diseases like heart diseases,Show MoreRelatedCocktails And Kindce, And Event : Concept And Concept Of Food1624 Words   |  7 Pages The Events name dà ©cor and concept/theme The events name is going to be Cocktails Kindness, and will be a cocktail and hordevour party to raise money for the non profit Books For Kids. Elegant glitter dà ©cor will be used. Target Demographic: Business Owners, philantropists, general public. Most likely people with higher income levels will attend, due to the fact that it is a fundraise. Where: Hollinshead Barn, located at 1235 NE Jones Rd, Bend OR 97701. 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Quality Aware Smart Decisions Under Uncertainty - 1682 Words

IV. QUALITY-AWARE SMART DECISIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY This section details the framework to process the QoC at each level of the context processing chain for our ubiquitous notification assistant. Additionally, it presents a probabilistic decision support model to tackle the runtime uncertainty. A brief account of our DDN model is also presented in this section. A. QoC-awareness in smart notification assistant The actions of the smart notification assistant are influenced by the uncertainty involved while processing multiple context types at runtime, in this case the locality and availability of the caregiver. As context data is extremely volatile, it requires certain QoC attributes (e.g. precision, accuracy, timeliness, trustworthiness) to†¦show more content†¦1. It depicts the significance of QoC requirements at each level of the context processing chain, from context fetching (low-level) to the context usage (high-level). The main data quality issues for our use case at the lower level can be the place and position of the sensor and the fact that the sensor may be accidentally altered resulting in wrong events. In case of a GPS sensor to infer the location of the user, the signals may be lost indoors. False events generated from these sensor’s can pose a non-negligible impact on a user’s (patient) health. Moreover, inferring context knowledge from this data will h amper the quality of the overall context data from lower level to the higher level of context processing and knowledge generation. A lack of quality at this level may harm the reasoning and actuation properties and reduce the ability of the ubiquitous notification assistant to determine the actual situation of the patient. It can have an unexpected effect on the real-time operations of the system as the derived context knowledge may be incorrect, consequently affecting the smart decisions of the system and preventing it from offering tailored interactions based on the user’s (patient) current QoC requirements. Global attributes like Timeliness must be satisfied over the entire life time of the system. Different local attributes within a context might guarantee a global attribute. Moreover, a local attribute can

Mgt 521 Week 1 Paper Channels of Communication Free Essays

MGT 521 Channels of Communication According to our readings, â€Å"There are two main forms of communication channels; oral communication and written communication. † (Robbins Judge, 2011). Within these two channels, there are 10 different types of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt 521 Week 1 Paper Channels of Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the communication process, it is important for the sender to clearly convey the meaning of the message for the receiver to be able to interpret. In order to achieve this goal, the correct communication channel and style must be used. Scenario I To interact with your team about the best beverage strategy, I would use an informal communication channel. According to our readings, an informal communication channel would â€Å"provide feedback to upper management, which would lead toward progress in achieving higher goals and relay any issues that may occur in help resolve these issues† (Robbins Judge, 2011). Further, face to face communication would be the best form of oral communication to be used as an informal communication channel. The team only has one week to develop a global marketing strategy, so the meetings must be more informal and be able to work out the possibilities in a live face to face series of meetings. Other forms of communication such as phone calls, voicemail, or emails could result in slower and shorter discussions. The team needs to be as efficient with their time as possible to deliver this strategy. To convey the strategy to the VP of Operations, I would use a more formal and upward communication channel. According to our readings, a formal channel of communication is â€Å"established by the organization and transmit messages related to the professional activities of members. They traditionally follow the authority chain within the organization† (Robbins Judge, 2011). Since formal communication follows the chain of command, it is more proper for the team to put their strategy in a written presentation for initial review I would send the VP of Operations an electronic communication (e-mail) that would present the strategy because this is the quickest way to send a lot of information for review. Once the e-mail has been received and reviewed, I would follow up with a video conference to achieve a more face to face communication channel and make sure that all business plans are clearly hashed out and analyzed. This would also be a good solution is the VP is at another location and would not have to travel to have a final meeting. Scenario II In this scenario I would use a formal communication channel with e-mail communication to contact the IT department. This email can be marked with high priority and be received immediately by the IT department. Also, formal e-mail would follow company procedure and allow a written, documented channel of communication for their records and verification. I would also use e-mail communication as a type of downward communication to inform my employees about what happed as well as provide them with the new login name and password. This type of downward communication is best for employee communication or when the management wants to inform a large number of employees. This type keeps employees informed and offers security by allowing each employee the opportunity to click and create a new login name and password. In addition, I would use a memo as a second form of communication, to make sure that all employees have another form of written communication in case they have not checked their e-mail. As always, if employees have additional questions or concerns, they can always use verbal face to face communication and simply approach their manager for more information if the written communication is not clear. Scenario III For this for this difficult situation, I would first use oral communication through an all employee meeting. I would inform about the difficulties of the company, and the overall tough decision to let some employees go in order to keep the business afloat. I think that oral communication is more sincere, and employees can see the nonverbal body language of the employer as they explain this difficult situation. Also, an important aspect of a face to face meeting is that it avoids rumors or the grapevine affect that would most likely occur if the employer simply sent a memo or e-mail to the employees. I would want the employees to have the equal opportunity to this information and avoid hurtful rumors or gossip that would likely occur from a simple electronic written message. To inform the affected employees, I would use both oral and written communication. I would first approach them in person and ask to talk to them in person (in private) in my office. If I sent an e-mail or other form, this would create anxiety and be unfair to the employees. I would be as respectful and to the point as possible. In the oral line of communication, I would show my sincerest efforts to show apathy for the situation and also offer any help with a reference for future employment opportunities. I would also be businesslike and explain the last day and other important information that will be completed to confirm the termination. I would follow up with written communication for both sides’ records. I would send a private email for the privacy of the recipient and mark a high priority with a recipient’s confirmation attached to the email upon its opening. This line of communication would have all of the details and state the date all of this will come in effect. An e-mail can also have an attachment with any paperwork that needs to be signed before the last day. This final written communication is more formal and brings closure and hopefully less emotion to the communication process. Works Cited Robbins, Stephen P. Judge, Timothy A.. (2011). Organizational Behavior. Fourteenth Edition; Published by Prentice Hall How to cite Mgt 521 Week 1 Paper Channels of Communication, Essay examples

Zen And The Art Of Discipline Essay Example For Students

Zen And The Art Of Discipline Essay Most people are physically capable of parenthood. It takes no talent and very little effort to produce a little miracle. The surreal experience of bringing home a new life is so awe-inspiring that it almost defies description. What I dont understand is why so many carry their initial awe into upbringing. Their children forever remain miraculous and perfect to the point of excusing all misbehavior. These parents equate unconditional love with unconditional tolerance. Unbelievably, they are unaware of the disservice to their children. They either dont understand or dont want to accept their responsibility as parents. I believe that there is no greater responsibility than parenthood. Becoming a parent is the most important decision one can make because parenthood relates to the formation of a human being who will assimilate into society. It is the parents responsibility to mold a child into productive adulthoodnot only for the childs sake, but for the sake of future generations produced by the child. To be a competent parent requires, at the very least, an understanding of the role. I dont think that most people stop to consider the implications of the role and the necessary sacrifices involved. These necessary sacrifices are extremely mentally and physically taxing. I was thirty-one when Lauren was born. Over the past eighteen years, I have spent most of my time raising her. I entered into parenthood with an understanding of the personal sacrifice involved. In other words, I had no illusions about parenthood and realized it would be difficult. I purposely waited as long as I did to enjoy and learn from my life as an individual and from my marriage without children. When Lauren was born, I was ready to put her first, no matter how unpleasant or difficult it might be. While observing other parents, I was surprised to see that most were unwilling to deal with the disturbing aspects of parenthood. Discipline is as unpleasant for parents as it is for their children. It is endless and interferes with adult life most of the time. From my experience, a child will flourish in a disciplined home and is actually relieved of stress by the process. However, the process takes endless mental and physical energy, whether the parent feels like it or not. I have observed that most parents just dont feel like making the effort. Time and again I have seen parents deal with their childrens feelings and not their actions. I dont understand the indulgence, but I know its easier. Discussion, rather than action, is required to deal with feelings. You have a talk with the child and your job as a parent is conveniently finished. However, the child never seems to learn because her actions remain unaddressed. There has been no discipline. A childs actions are the indicators of the person she is becoming. I must say that I never could crawl inside my daughters mind, but I did know what she said and did. If her words and actions were unacceptable, she was disciplined to learn that they would not be tolerated. The discipline was usually inconvenient for me. There was crying involved, my presence was necessary and my routines were disturbed. So what? I thought my daughters lesson was more important than my sense of peace and my need for relaxation. Unfortunately, for whatever reason, I think that many of todays parents prefer to relax. It is easier to selfishly avoid discipline and be a pushover rather than a parent. This self-indulgence ignores responsibility and the child. It effectively ignores the child as well as the behaviors that will carry into adulthood. Discipline is the key to development. I have experienced it as a child and have implemented it as a parent. It was my parents duty and it became mine. Someday it will be Laurens. I have found that child rearing is one long succession of disciplines. In fact, I believe that child rearing is synonymous with discipline. Child rearing is assuming the role of teacher to child. To confirm my understanding of discipline as a teaching, I decided to look up the words definition. .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .postImageUrl , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:hover , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:visited , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:active { border:0!important; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:active , .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00 .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f0992ec5f82be569bafc9d8abb4be00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture is what runs a society EssayI found that my understanding is now labeled as obsolete and that discipline is primarily defined as punishment. I dont agree. I have always regarded discipline as authoritative and punishment as authoritarian. I dont appreciate the negative spin of the primary definition and the emotional response it probably evokes. However, the definition may somewhat explain the current trend of parental permissiveness. Perhaps todays parents are afraid of the negative connotations of discipline. I can only speculate on the premise, because I cant relate to it. Here is my experience: I have been insulted by todays parents. They have called me a mean mother and have inferred that I was abusive and inconsiderate. Because of my actions, I would create a rebellious child who would hate me. Early on, I punished my child with spankings when she misbehaved. Outsiders mistakenly likened a spanking to a beating. In their opinion, I should have not only understood, but accepted the feelings that caused Lauren to misbehave. I should have reasoned with her regardless of the immaturity of her thought processes and her inability to communicate them to me. I thought they were foolish and didnt care what they thought of me or my efforts to maintain parental authority. I was never afraid of rebellion or of losing my daughters love, as they evidently were. When I was a child, I received spankings both from my parents and from schoolteachers. Every insolent and disobedient child did. For me and for most others, it only took one spanking to understand who was in control and what would not be tolerated. I was never spanked twice for the same mistake. The threat became the controlling tool because I, and every other child, knew that the discipline would be carried out. I dont know of anyone, including my own daughter, who rebelled or sustained psychological damage because of swats on the bottom. Lauren never had to be spanked for the same mistake twice. The spankings were Zen moments for her, as they had been for me. They were an effective disciplinary tool. She learned her lessons and developed a respect for authority. As Lauren grew, she was usually able to understand my reasoning, but she often did not accept it. Because of this, she was often disciplined with groundings or extra work. Privileges were taken from her that caused her great upset. Many times my husband I suffered through the groundings with her. For example, a pleasant outing would be cancelled for her and for us because of her misbehavior. Our weekends were ruined as were hers. We were disappointed, but a lesson had to take place. She continued to learn that if she couldnt follow our rules she would have to experience unpleasant consequences. What she had to experience was unpleasant for everyone, but she learned and her mistakes werent repeated.

Seed priming technique Essay Example

Seed priming technique Paper Abstraction Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen. Priming can be found effectual both for leguminous plants and grain harvests. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soakage ( hydropriming ) , osmo-conditioning ( soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions ) utilizing, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , sodium molybdate ( Na2MO4.2H2O ) and hormonal priming by utilizing salicylic acid ( SA ) . The scopes of osmotic potency for all the priming interventions were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the animation interventions significantly affected works energy, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming utilizing P @ 0.60 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed energy in footings of average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 to 4.51 yearss ) , concluding sprouting per centum ( 74 to 89 % ) root and shoot length and nodulation ( 0 to 4 nodules seedling-1 ) followed by Osmitrol priming ( Mannitol @ 2 % ) . Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the energy of mungbean seedlings as comparison to command. The usage of polythene ethanediol is expensive and gave similar consequences as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in farther experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effectual tool for animation of mungbean seeds, for better growing and seedling constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cardinal words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, Vigna radiata, seedling energy, nodulation Introduction Seed priming is a pattern by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen ( Harris et al. , 2000 ) . Seed priming can be found effectual for legumes i.e. , outputs of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased well by priming seeds for 8 H before seeding ( Harris et al. , 1999 ; Musa et al. , 2001 ; Rashid et al. , 2004 ) . Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ( L. ) Wilczek ) is grown on over 200,000 hour angle with production of more than 100,000 T under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Outputs for the rainfed country are by and large low and variable due to sparse, fickle rainfall and fringy dirts. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent chiefly on surface irrigation but it is besides grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern part of Pakistan rainfall is bare and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation merely. Poor harvest constitution is a major restraint for mungbean production ( Naseem et. al. , 1997 ; Rahmianna et al. , 2000 ) and high outputs can be associated with early energy ( Kumar et al. , 1989 ) . Improved seed animation techniques are being used to cut down the sprouting clip, to acquire synchronised sprouting, better sprouting rate, and better seedling base in many horticultural ( Bradford et al. 1990 ; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998 ) and field harvests like wheat, corn ( Aquilla and Tritto 1991 ; Basra et Al. 2002 ) and more late rice ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These animation techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning ( Basra et al. 2005 ) , osmohardening ( Farooq et al. 2006 ) and indurating ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These interventions can besides be employed for earlier and better babys room base constitution ( Lee et al. 1998 ) . This survey was initiated to research the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming ( salicylic acid ) , alimentary priming ( Phosphorous and molybdenum burden ) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean ( vigna radiata ) seed energy under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed stuff Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 ( CH-MUNG 97 ) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute ( BARI ) , Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by utilizing 30 % hypochlorite for five proceedingss and so washed three times with distilled H2O. Seed Treatments The following seed priming interventions were applied Food priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphoric ( P @ 0.60 A ; 1.20 % ) and molybdate ( Mo @ 0.02 A ; 0.04 % ) . The beginnings for phosphoric and Mo were potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4 ) and sodium molybdate ( Na2MoO4.2H2O ) , severally. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of Osmitrol ( mannitol @ 2 % A ; 4 % ) and polyethylene glycole ( Polyethylene glycol @ 5 % A ; 10 % ) . Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid ( SA @ 10 A ; 20 ppm ) Post intervention operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface rinsing three times by distilled H2O. Aeration was besides applied by pump. Air dried dirt was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The dirt used in the pot experiment was flaxen loam holding pH of 7.9. Dirt was made crumbly by rubing the surface with a two centimeter broad table fork to a deepness of 1-cm of moist dirt. The seeds were besides inoculated before seeding. Ten Numberss of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six workss per pot. Similar sum of H2O applied in regular intervals to all pots under survey. The workss were harvested 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) , and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry affair was eventually determined. The complete randomized design ( CRD ) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) was used to compare intervention agencies. Consequence The information showed that different seed priming interventions had important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence on average outgrowth clip ( MET ) . The average outgrowth clip decreased with the application of seed priming interventions. Maximal average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 yearss ) observed in T1 ( control ) where dry untreated seeds were sown. Minimum ( 4.51 yearss ) MET was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.06 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 ) . All the interventions resulted in lower MET as comparison to command ( 5.52 yearss ) . The information besides revealed similar tendency with regard to fifty per centum ( E50 ) seeds to emerge as of MET. The lowest E50 was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on dry weight of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . The maximal fresh and dry weight was obtained in T5. All the priming interventions increased the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings except T2 and T12. Equally far as concluding sprouting is concerned maximal sprouting was achieved in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . The lowest sprouting per centum was observed in T11 and T12 where polythene ethanediol was applied at the rate of five ( 5 ) and ten ( 10 ) per centum ( Table 1 ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on nodule formation and figure of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . All the priming techniques significantly increased the nodulation of seedlings as comparison to command except T10 and T12. Maximum nodule figure was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) followed by T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) . The information besides depicts that T9 and T11 are at par and T1, T10 and T12 gave similar consequences. The information depicts that seed priming had important impact on the root every bit good as shoot length, 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) . All the priming interventions significantly increased the root every bit good as shoot length of seedlings. The information revealed that T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) and T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) gave the best consequences. The lowest root length ( 4.56 centimeter ) was observed in control. T4 ( Mo @ 0.04 % ) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) and higher from control. Treatment T6 ( P @ 1.2 % ) showed lower root length than T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming utilizing salicylic acid ( SA @ 20 ppm ) besides showed lower root length than T7 ( SA @ 10 ppm ) and at par with T4 and T6. The information besides showed that T10 ( mannitol @ 4 % ) is lower than T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) and at par with T7. The information besides depicts that T12 ( PEG @ 10 % ) showed lower root length as comparison to T11 ( PEG @ 5 % ) whic h showed besides higher root length than all other interventions except T2 and T9 ( Figure 1 ) . Maximal shoot length observed in the T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) followed by T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) . The information besides depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The information besides revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is besides apparent that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 ( Figure 1 ) . T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 besides showed similar consequences. Discussion Earlier and more unvarying sprouting and outgrowth was observed in fit seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher sprouting per centum and root and shoot dry weight ( tables 1 ) . Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid sprouting. These findings support the anterior work on canola ( Brassica compestris ) ( Zheng et al. , 1994 ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Nayyar et al. , 1995 ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) ( Lee and Kim 2000 ; Basra et al. , 2003 ) who described improved sprouting rate and per centum in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 H. This survey revealed that osmo, food and hormonal priming could inspire mungbean seeds. One of the grounds for reduced MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the quiescence of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical procedures commences, which lead to faster sprouting and outgrowth ( Farooq et al. , 2006 ) . Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro amylum molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The handiness of instant nutrient to the shooting seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds ( Farooq et al.,2006 ) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is besides documented ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . Early outgrowth as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of sprouting metabolites ( Saha et al. 1990 ; Lee A ; Kim 2000 ; Basra et Al. 2005 ) and better familial fix, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and p roteins ( Bray et al. 1989 ) . Gray and Steckel ( 1983 ) besides concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early induction of sprouting in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in fit workss can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and decrease of slowdown clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easy emerge from seeds ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . These consequences are besides in line with the findings of Sekiya et Al. ( 2009 ) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To lend to works growing and development seed priming has been widely reported technique ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . Ajouri et Al. ( 2004 ) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, every bit good as an improved sprouting and seedling growing in barley after soaking seeds in H2O and in solutions incorporating 5-500 millimeter P. It has been besides reported fresh seeds had higher energy degrees ( Ruan et al. 2002 ) , which resulted in earlier start of outgrowth as high energies seed tonss performed better than low vigour 1s ( Hampton and Tekrony 1995 ) . Yamauchi and Winn ( 1996 ) besides reported positive correlativity between seed energies and field public presentation in rice. Earlier, Zheng et Al. ( 2002 ) reported earlier and unvarying outgrowth in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and assorted salts under afloat conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous harvest constitution in corn ( Nagar et al. 1998 ) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. ( Grzesik A ; Nowak 1998 ) . However, other surveies resulted in hapless outgrowth from hydroprimed Kentucky blue grass seeds under field conditions ( Pill A ; Necker 2001 ) . However Nascimento and West ( 1999 ) reported early sprouting of fit seeds but non recorded any betterment in the growing of seedlings in sweet melon seeds under research lab conditions. Confusing consequences, where priming did non demo any good consequences, besides reported by different research workers ( Mwale et al. , 2003 ; Giri and Schillinger, 2003 ) . The addition of nodulation, seedling energy and tolerance to emphasiss may depend on assorted factors happening during priming intervention. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . One of the possible grounds for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may ease works growing and energy ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . From the present survey it may be concluded that seed priming may heighten the seedling energy of mungbean. Nutrient priming utilizing phosphoric and osmopriming with Osmitrols were the most efficient priming interventions in this survey. In farther research work biochemical footing for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. Mentions Aquilla D. A. , V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvest home, ageing and osmotic priming. Seed Sci.Tech.19:73 82. Anonymous.2009. Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Economic wing, Islamabad. Pp. 46-47. Association of Official Seed Analysis ( AOSA ) . 1998. Rules for proving seeds. J. Seed Tec.12:1-112. Association of Official Seed Analysis ( AOSA ) .1983.Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Barber, S. A. 1995. Soil alimentary bioavailability, 2nd edn. Willey, New York Basra, S. M. A. , M. Farooq, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad. 2004. Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Int. Rice Res.Notes.29:80 81. Basra SMA, Farooq M, Tabassum R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623 628. Basra S. M. A. , M. N. Zia, T. Mehmood, I. Afzal, A. Khaliq.2002. Comparison of different animation techniques in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds. Pak. J Arid Agric.5:11 16. Basra, S. M A. , Farooq, M. and Tabassum, R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. and Khaliq, A.2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci.1:5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N.2004.Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Inter. Rice Res.Notes.27:74-75. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33: 623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , M. Farooq and A. Khaliq. 2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in indica rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pakistan J. Life Soc.Sci.1: 5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Zia, M.N. , Mehmood, T. , Afzal, I. and Khaliq, A.2002.Comparision of different animation techniques in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds. Pak. J. Arid Agri.5:11-16. Bose, B. and Mishra, T. 1992. Response of wheat seed to pre-sowing seed interventions with Mg ( NO3 ) . Annals.Agri.Res.13:132-136. Bradford KJ, Steiner JJ, Trawatha SE.1990. Seed priming influence on sprouting and outgrowth of pepper seed tonss. Crop Sci.30:718 721. Bradford, K.J. , 1990. A H2O dealingss analysis of the seed sprouting rates. Plant Physiol.94:840-849. Bray C.M. , P.A. Davison, M. Ashraf, R.M. Taylor, Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds, Ann.Bot.Lond.63:185-193. Bray, C.M. , Davison, P.A. , Ashraf, M. , Taylor, R.M. 1989. Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds. Annalss Bot.36:185-193. Chojnowski M. , F. Corbineau, D. C A ; ocirc ; me, Physiological and biochemical alterations induced in helianthus seeds by osmopriming and subsequent drying, storage and ripening, Seed Sci.Res.7:323-331. Coolbear, P. , Francis, A. , Grierson, D.1984.The consequence of low temperature pre-sowing intervention under the sprouting public presentation and membrane unity of unnaturally aged tomato seeds. J.Exp.Bot.35:1609-1617. Rudrapal, D. , S. Nakamura, The consequence of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy. Seed Sci.Tech.16:123-130. Dahal, P. , Bradford, K.J. , 1990. Effectss of priming and endosperm unity on seed sprouting Das, J. C. , and A. K. Choudhury. 1996. Consequence of seed hardening, K fertiliser, and paraquat as anti-transpirant on rainfed wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) . Indian J. Agron. 41:397-400. Duman, I. 2006. Effectss of seed priming with PEG or K3PO4 on Germination and Seedling Growth in Lettuce. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 9 ( 5 ) : 923-928 Ellis, R.A. and E.H. Roberts. 1981. The quantification of ageing and endurance in Orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 9: 373-409 Farooq M, Basra SMA, Cheema MA, Afzal I. 2006. Integration of pre-sowing soakage, chilling and heatingtreatments for energy sweetening in rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.34:499 506. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Ahmad N. 2005. Thermal hardening: A new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. J.Integ.PlantBio.47:87 193. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Warriach EA. 2004. The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Int.RiceRes.Notes.29:69 71. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K. 2006. Seed animation by osmohardening in all right and harsh rice. Seed Sci.Tech.34:181 187. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Karim HA, Afzal I. 2004. Optimization of seed indurating techniques for rice seed animation. Emir.J.Agric.Sci.16:48 57. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Ahmad, N. 2005.Thermal hardening: a new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. Ac.Bot.Sin.47:187-193. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Warriach, E.A. 2004.The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Inter. Rice Res.29:69-71. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2006. Evaluation of seed vigour sweetening techniques on physiological and biochemical footing in harsh rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) Seed Sci.Tech.34:741-750. Farooq, M. , S.M. A. Basra and R.Tabassum.2006. Enhancing the public presentation of direct seeded all right rice by seed priming. Plant Prod. Sci.4: 446-456. Fu, J.R. , X.H. Lu, R.Z. Chen, B.Z. Zhang, Z.S. Liu, Z.S. Li, et al. , Osmoconditioning of peanut ( Arachis hypogen L. ) seeds with PEG to better energy and some biochemical activities. Seed Sci.Tech.16:197-212. Giri, G. S and W. F. Schillinger, 2003. Seed priming winter wheat for sprouting, outgrowth and output. Crop Sci. , 43: 2135-2141 Grandi, T.M. , G. J. Marinho, D. A. Lopes, and A. P. Araujo, 1999. Consequence of seed phosphoric concentration on nodulation and growing of three common bean cultivars. J. Plant Nut. 22: 1599-1611. Grzesik M, Nowak J. 1998. Effectss of matriconditioning and hydropriming on Helichrysum bracteatum L. seed sprouting, seedling outgrowth and emphasis tolerance. Seed Sci Technol 26: 363 376. Hampton, J. G. and D. M. Tekrony. 1995. Handbook of ISTA vigour trial methods. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Zurich: ISTA. 10. Jeng TL, Sung JM. 1994. Hydration consequence on lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzyme activity of unnaturally aged peanut seeds. Seed Sci Techn. 22: 531 539 Harris, D. 1996. The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, deepness and day of the month of seeding on the outgrowth and early growing of Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench in semi-arid Botswana. Harris, D. 2002. On-farm seed priming for better harvests in fringy countries of developing Soil Tillage Res. 40:73-88. Harris, D. , Joshi, A. , Khan, P. A. , Gothkar, P. and Sodhi, P. S. 1999. On-farm seed priming in semi-arid agribusiness: development and rating in corn, rice and garbanzo in India utilizing participatory methods. Experi.Agri.35:15-29. Harris, D. , Raghuwanshi, B. S. , Gangwar, J. S. , Singh, S. C. , Joshi, K. D. , Rashid, A. and Hollington, P. A. 2001. Participatory rating by husbandmans of on-farm seed priming in wheat in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Experi.Agri.37:403-415. Harris, D. , Rashid, A. , Hollington, P. A. , Jasi, L. and Riches, C. 2002. Prospects of bettering maize outputs with on-farm seed priming. Sustainable Maize Production Systems for Nepal : Proceedings of a Maize Symposium 2001, 180-185, ( Eds Rajbhandari, N. P. , Ransom, J. K. , Adikhari, K. and Palmer, A. F. E. ) Kathmandu, Nepal. Kathmandu: Harris, D. , Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A. 2000. On-farm seed priming to better cropestablishment and output in direct-seeded rice. In IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology, Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. The International Rice Institute, Manila, The Philippines, 164 pp. Harris, D. , Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A.2002. On-farm seed priming to better harvest constitution and output in dry direct-seeded rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems: Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities, January Hisashi, K.N and A.M. Francisco.2005.Effects of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone on the sprouting and a-amylase activity in boodle seeds. J. Plant Physiol.162: 1304-1307. Islam, A.K.M.A. , N. Anuar and Z. Yaakob, 2009. Consequence of genotypes and pre-sowing interventions on seed sprouting behaviour of Jatropha. Asiatic J. Plant Sci. 8: 433-439. Kaur, S. A. K. Gupta and N. Kaur. 2005. Seed Priming Increases Crop Yield Possibly by Modulating Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Chickpea. J. Agronomy A ; Crop Science 191, 81-87 Kumar, R. , Tyagi, C. S. and Ram, C. 1989. Association of research lab seed parametric quantities with field public presentation in mungbean. Seeds Farms.15:33-36. Lee SY, Lee JH, Hong SB, Yun SH. 1998. Consequence of humidification and indurating intervention on seed sprouting of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157 160. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 1999. Morphologic alteration, sugar content, a-amylase activity of rice seeds under assorted priming conditions. Kore.J.CropSci.44:138-142. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 2000. Entire sugars, a-amylase activity and sprouting after priming of normal and elderly rice seeds. Kore.J.CropSci.45:108-111. Lee, S.S. , Kim, J.H. Hong, S.B. and Yun, S.H. 1998. Effect pf humidification and indurating intervention on seed sprouting of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157-160. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley ( Eds. ) , Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. McDonald, M.B. 2000.Seed priming. In: Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis ( explosive detection systems. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ) , Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. pp. 287-326. Musa, A. M. , D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Short continuance garbanzo to replace fellow after AMAN rice: The function of on-farm seed priming in the high barind piece of land of Bangladesh. Expl Agric. 37: 509-521. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ( explosive detection systems. ) Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley ( Eds. ) , Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. Mwale, S.S. , Hamusimbi and K. Mwansa, 2003. Germination, outgrowth and growing of helianthus ( Helianthus annus L. ) in response to osmotic seed priming. Seed Sci. Technol. , 31: 199-206. Nagar R. P. , M. Dadlani and S. P. Sharma. 1998. Consequence of hydropriming on field outgrowth and harvest growing of corn genotypes. Seed Sci Res 26: 1 5. Nayyar, H. , D. P. Walia and B. L. Kaishta.1995. Performance of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds primed with growing regulators and inorganic salts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65: 112-116, Nascimento, W. M. ansd S. H. West, 1999. Muskmelon transplant production in response to seed priming. Hort.Tech.9:53-55. Naseem, S. B. , Khan, A. H. , Islam, M. , Mollah, U. and Ali, M. A. 1997. Consequence of seeding methods and changing surface dirt wet on the base constitution of mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. ) . Bang. J.Scienti.Indus.Res.32:295-301. Nerson, H. and Govers, A. 1986. Salt priming of sweet melon seeds for low temperature germination.Scien.Hort.28:85-91. Peopless, M. B. , D. F. Herridge and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological N arrested development. An efficient beginning of N for sustainable agricultural production. Plant and Soil. 174: 3-28. Pill, W. G. and A. D. Necker. 2001. The effects of seed interventions on sprouting and constitution of Kentucky blue grass ( Poa pratensis L. ) . Seed Sci Technol 29: 65 72. Pill, W.G. 1995. Low H2O potency and pre-sowing sprouting interventions to better seed quality. In: A.S. Basra ( ed. ) . Seed quality. Food Products Press, Binghampton, N.Y. , p. 319-359 Ruan, S. , Xue Q and Tylkowska R. 2002. Effectss of seed priming on sprouting and wellness of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) seeds. Seed Sci Technol 30: 451 458. Rahmianna, A.A. , T. Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop constitution of leguminous plants in rain fed lowland rice-based cropping system. Soil Tillage Res.56: 67-82. Rashid, A. , Harris, D. , P. Hollington and Ali, S. 2004. On-farm seed priming reduces yield losingss of mungbean ( Vigna indiata ) associated with mungbean xanthous mosaic virus in NWFP of Pakistan. Crop protect. 23: 1119-1124. Rudrapal D, Nakamura S. 1998. The consequence of hydration desiccation pre-treatment on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy. Seed Sci.Tech.26:123 130. Rudrapal, D. , S. Nakamura. 1988. The consequence of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy, Seed Sci.Technol. 16 123-130. Saha R, Mandal AK, Basu RN. 1990. Physiology of seed animation interventions in soya bean ( Glycine max L. ) . Seed. Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, 1999, pp. 287-325. Sekiya, N. and K. Yano. 2009. Seed P-enrichment as an effectual P supply to wheat. Plant and Soil. 327: 347-354 Steiner, J. J. 1990. Seedling rate of development index: index of energy and seedling growing response Crop science.30:1264-1271 Yamauchi and Winn T. 1996. Rice seed energy and seedling constitution in anaerobiotic dirt. Crop Sci 36: 680 686. Yoon, B.Y.H. , H.J. Lang and B.G. Cobb.1997. Priming with salt solutions improves sprouting of Viola tricolor hortensis seed at high temperatures.Hort.Sci.32: 248-250. Zheng G.H. , Wilen R.W. , Slinkard A.E. , Gusta L.V. 2002. Enhancement of canola seed sprouting and seedling outgrowth at low temperature by priming. Crop Sci.34:1589-1593. Zheng G.H. , R.W. Wilen, A. E. Slinkard and L.V. Gusta. 1994. Enhancement of canola seed sprouting and seedling outgrowth at low temperature by priming. Crop Science, 34: 1589-1593.

The Bet essays

The Bet essays The Bet is a story written by Anton Cheahov. The story is about a man who decides to take this bet. The deal is that the man must stay in prisoner fifteen years and he will receive two million dollars. Well, turns out the man leaves the his prison cell 5 minutes before the time is officially over; in return he losses the bet. The question is if this could really happen and how would it done? I think life and freedom are the most favored things in our great country and for some one to visit give their freedom up for some money would bring about these questions. I would think this would be illegal to be put someone prison for no reason. I could see in a mental hospital were you could check your self in and out, but not in a prison. Another reason I feel that you wouldnt be allowed in a prison is for your safety. You would have to be in a different part of prison because you are in their voluntary and not by force. You would also have the freedom and extra luxurys that other inmates would not have. Also how you would be treated? Would you be treated like a normal person who has the freedom to roam about the prison; or would you be treated like a criminal with no privileges. Why would someone want to do such a thing? Would you be mentally prepared to loose everything in an instead for some money. If the state would let you go through with your bet. Would you be evaluated for you mental health? They should do this test to make sure that you clearly understand what you are doing. Would it be a challenge or an escape from your bad credit or money problems? Most people would think that two million dollars for fifteen years of your life, because it is a lot of money and it would help your future financially. This is you would separate your greed from a challenge. In my conclusion about the story presented in the paragraphs above is that I feel that my reasons above support my theory that this i ...

Read 3 readings and answer 15 guiding questions about them Essay

Read 3 readings and answer 15 guiding questions about them - Essay Example Smith (547) argues that underwriting of the built environment is a crucial vessel for the accumulation of capital. Owing to the cyclical nature of the process and the durability and fixity of such underwritings new cycles of subsidies are usually linked to crises and shifts of the capital location. This is congruent with Smith’s definition of gentrification – the flow of capital from the cities. Smith (545) defines the rent gap as the difference between the probable ground rent rate and the real ground rent exploited under the current land use. The rent gap is directly proportional to the theory of gentrification. Smith (545) claims that gentrification happens when the rent gap is so wide that developers can buy shells at affordable rates, can pay the builder’s charge and gains for renovation, can service interest on residential and construction loans, and can then trade the end product at a price that guarantees a good profit for the developer. I agree that gentrification is the movement, back to the city, of capital, not people. This is because the circulation of capital is crucial in the settlement and resettlement of people, as well as gentrification. People follow capital, not the opposite. As Smith (547) argues, as per now, the people exploiting this returning capital still come from the city. According to Mitchell (923) calling homelessness in the US a crisis is to abuse language because homelessness is a fixed and justified aspect of the country’s political economy, regardless of the fact that its particular mould, its intensity, and the strategies of managing it have been both geographically and historically relevant. According to Mitchell (945), the deserving poor were those who were ready to acknowledge liability for their situations, accept donations or other gifts with the right measure of humility, start the difficult task of

Tell me about the relationship of religion and science Essay

Tell me about the relationship of religion and science - Essay Example This cannot be denied that both religion and science contradict each other in many important ways. There has been fierce completion between the two since the time of Galileo. This essay aims to illustrate the extent to which this statement could be held true that religion and science are mutually exclusive. To achieve this end, religion and science will be compared to each other on different levels discussed in following section of the essay. It will be explored why science and religion appear to be at odds with each other and if there is any chance of creating harmony between these two entities or not. It is important to mention the name of Ian Barbour when exploring the relationship between religion and science. This is because Barbour is an expert of demonstrating the position of religion in an age of science. He has explored many troubling issues in science and religion. He also demonstrated how science promotes secularity which is inhibited by religion. Religious societies do everything in their capacity to uphold religion and smother secularity. It is not as if they disregard science, rather they accept it. But, too much science can be dangerous for religion as one of the most important scientific concepts like evolution questions the religious significance of Adam and Eve. According to Barbour, there are four ways of relating religion and science namely conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration. Each of these ways helps to understand the relationship between religion and science. On a level of conflict, it has to be understood that there are many conflicts between cl assical religious dogmas and modern science. Differences are not respected by either school of thought. Modern science swallows religion and religion does the same to science. Barbour stresses that fight between the two groups â€Å"can be avoided if they occupy separate territories† (Barbour). On a level of

Human Activities Global Warming And Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Human Activities Global Warming And Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change is a long-term change in the Earths climate, or of region on the Earth (Nasa.gov, 1975). Humans use energy in their daily life such as driving cars from one place to another place. However, most of their activities effect the environment. According to Nap.edu (1996), it states that global stability is threated by the human activities. This is because human activities emit amounts of carbon dioxide.Furthermore, Newscientiest.com (2007) also states that based on IPCC report (2001), 90% of the causes of climate change are from the human activities. Besides that, Nasa.gov (1975) also states global warming is the changes in the Earths average surface temperature due to ascending levels of greenhouse gases. Human activities such as deforestation, open burning and emission of greenhouse gases through transportation have become the largest contributors to global warming. So, there is a relationship between the human activities, global warming and climate change. This is becaus e human activities emit excess carbon dioxides that lead to carbon pollution and thus cause global warming and climate change. Nrdc.org (2012) states that the carbon pollution is the main cause of the Earth are getting warmer, increase the frequency of drought, and flood. Since the average temperature increases rapidly, human and other living things will face the consequences such as the melting of glacier, acid rain and the rising of sea level too. Hence, human activities such as deforestation, emission of greenhouse gases from transportation and open burning are the main causes of the global warming and thus climate change. In terms of deforestation, Climateandweather.net (2010) states that deforestation is causing the necessary function of trees to be lessened and affect the climate. It also states that forests store carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, control the climate, and purify our water and air. So, that means forests are vital for our life. However, there are reasons that cause deforestation to happen such as illegal logging operation and agriculture.Wwf.panda.org (2011) mentions that the logging activity keeps happen in violation of national laws.Most of the illegal loggings happen because of the ascending demand for papers and timbers. Therefore, the operation keeps continuing without permission from the government. Besides that, illegal loggings also include activities such as harvesting wood from restricted areas and exporting exotic species of trees. In terms of agriculture, Wwf.panda.org (2011) states that illegal logging can also occur when the forests are cleared for a plantation such as oi l palm or rubber plant. Even the plants also absorb the carbon dioxide as same as the forest, the plant need more times to grow up and able to absorb more carbon dioxide like forest do.Climateandweather.net (2010) mentions that most of agricultural crop and other smaller plants also draw in carbon and release amounts of oxygen, but the forests able to store up to 100 times more carbon dioxide than other plants. So, it emphasized that the forests are very important to stabilize the global warming. Besides that, water is also needed to reduce the excess carbon dioxide in the air. Since the forest is a place where the water is purified, the water can also help to reduce the carbon dioxide. The rainforest and sea play a big role in this aspect. According to Worldwatch.org (2012), it states the oceans are by far the largest carbon dioxide sink in the Earth. However, since deforestation keeps happening, even the sea becomes limited to sink all the carbon dioxides. Loss amounts of trees in crease the amounts of carbon dioxides at the atmosphere lead to global warming and thus climate change. Moreover, another factor of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases from the vehicles on the road. Transportation produce energy from the burning of fossil fuels and change into motion. Only this way can makes them enable to move from one place to another place. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are the most emitted gas from on-road vehicles. Epa.gov (2010) mentions transportation that use fossil fuels is the main source of carbon dioxide emission. There are many transportation sources for instance air travel, marine transportation and highway vehicles. Most of the vehicles use gasoline and diesel in order to transport good or people. G.Roger (2012) states excessive vehicles usage causes the transportation emission increases and leads to global warming. This is because uncontrollable greenhouse gases from the transportation will lead other heat-trapping gases and carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. So, there will be more and more excesses carbon dioxide will be pro duce and emit to the atmosphere. This matter will lead global warming and thus climate change since the global average temperature keeps increasing. Furthermore, based on Broadus (2012) states those greenhouse gases emissions are leading to sea level rises and thus floods in various places. Streams, rivers and reservoirs are not able to support and store excesses water since the sea level increase rapidly. Even the dams unable to stop the flowing water to entered the protected places. These problems lead floods to occur in various places especially in the cities and villages nearby the beach or rivers. Besides that, monsoon rains in certain places like Mumbai will be another problem to this matter. Broadus (2012) also mentions about heavier monsoon rains will make the floods worse. Thus, excesses transportation emission will lead to the dangerous change on climate change such as increasing the sea level and affect the monsoon circulation. Another catalyst of global warming and climate change is open burning in various places. It is an activity that produces really large amounts of carbon dioxide which change the Earths temperature and cause the melting of glaciers due to the global warming. This is because open burning release heat from the combustion that enhances the warming in the atmosphere. The open burning not only releases carbon dioxide, but also black carbon which is the second global warming agents after carbon dioxide. According to Kanittha and Savitri (2012) mentions in their research that warming effect from black carbon will be increase as it mixed with other particles in the air such as carbon dioxide. They also mention black carbon enable to enhance the melting of snow or glacier three times that of carbon dioxide. As the carbon dioxide also emitted together with black carbon, the affect must be fatal and more dangerous on global warming and climate change. Human activity such as open burning of agricu ltural residues after harvesting is the main source that leads black carbon and carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. Kanittha and Savitri (2012) also state the combustion of the crop waste is the significant source that release black carbon and other greenhouse gases. So, the production of carbon dioxide and black carbon trap tremendous amount of heat and raise the Earths temperature causing severe impact on the Arctic. As the global getting warmer, the melting of glaciers continues to occur in high speed which is also leads to increase the sea level. This unstoppable problem worries the whole nations in the world as they lost habitats and their life is in danger as the land become limited and covered by the water. Other living things such as animals and trees also are facing the same problems as they lost their habitats and most of exotic species become extinct. Therefore, open burning also has negative impacts to both of the environment and people. The climate is a major part of the Earths environmental system and cannot be replaced by human. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) states there are many ways to mitigate the global warming and climate change. However, the main key of the solution is the cooperation and unity from the people so they enable to make a different in order to reduce the carbon pollution and global average temperature. One of the solutions is to follow the regulation provided by the government such as prevent the illegal logging operations or deforestation. This method enables the trees using up the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The water is also able to use the carbon dioxide with sinking the carbon dioxide. Since it becomes limited, people need to reduce carbon dioxide more. Besides that, carpooling and limit the transportation usages on the road are also helps to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This is because the small amount of vehicles usage will lessen the emission of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide. People also can develop and use other alternative or renewable energy to replace fossil fuel such as solar energy. Tom (2012) mentions transportation that powered by solar electricity emit about less or zero percent of carbon dioxide is the most efficient way to reduce large amounts carbon dioxide. However, continuous researches and new environment-friendly technology need to conduct by human in order more alternatives can be used. Moreover, people also need to decrease their open burning activities. They can try recycling any reusable material or things in order to prevent the open burning. So, there are more and more carbon dioxide will be cut off. Hence, people need to try any ways to reduce deforestation, carbon dioxide emission from transportation and open burning in order to decrease global average temperature or global warming and climate change. Otherwise, the global warming will continue to affect the c limate change, and thus people, animals, and environment will have the difficult time to face the consequences.

Negotiation Techniques and Third-Party Intervention

Some of the techniques that can be used to lessen a person’s reluctance in order to avoid the need for a third party to intervene and manage negotiations are: not negotiating or postponing negotiations until there is an indication that there is something to gain that may not be possible to be gained through other alternatives. Reluctance is at times considered reversed psychology and it is recommended not to fall victim of this trap, one must prepare well and take comfort, and not appear to be anxious in the face of your counterpart.These techniques are consistent with the negotiation process in the sense that if the other person’s attitude does not change to coincide with yours, negotiations should be terminated, by simply refusing to negotiate in the style dictated by the other side. Negotiations can be terminated completely or postponed, with the condition that your requirements regarding approach or process will be met. Using these techniques and knowing your altern atives during the negotiation process can pay off big.Considering the event of this situation, I would let the other company know of my concerns regarding the tone, and attitude of reluctance from a member of their team. If the matter if not corrected within reasonable time, I would postpone negotiations for a later date (if time permits) while also designating the location for the meeting and provide the conditions regarding the current issues.If by then the person’s attitude still does not coincide with mine, I will analyze how important achieving this goal is and if there are any other alternatives to gain the desired results. Depending on the outcome of the analysis I can then decide to accept the changes without involving a third party or refuse to negotiate until requirements are met. If the attitude of reluctance changes to a more cooperative attitude, negotiations can proceed, while still maintaining a close eye on the person that was previously reluctant. There is a high possibility that the person, who earlier displayed an unacceptable attitude, can now view the situation as a contest.Therefore, one must have to control responses to the various intimidating and manipulative tactics that may be used against you. In such case, a concentrated effort should be made to use counter tactics designed to emphasize that you have what the company needs . Lastly, it should be confirmed at the outset that the goal is for a complete  agreement and that each issue or solution is tentative until the entire matter is addressed and agreed upon. This will provide all parties the flexibility to find solutions and trade-offs at the end of negotiations. It also protects parties from unscrupulous tactics by the other side . Regardless of the outcome, one must always know when and how to control the negotiation process to avoid the involvement of third parties.

Diagrid

DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of   biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION 2. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER  VERTICAL LOADING 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIALS  Ã‚  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HEARST  TOWER 5. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not   new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration sti ll holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   Ã‚  module is   Ã‚  discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of   Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a si ngle level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferr ing global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both  shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals  is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the  optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending  rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for  maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is  expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fo rdiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as  the building height increases, the optimal angle also  increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Height of the module:  Ã‚  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Base of the module:  Ã‚  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  Ã‚   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  Ã‚  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  Ã‚  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction  . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  Ã‚  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usua lly expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure  5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.    EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  Ã‚  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   Ã‚  both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure  6: Effect o f vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  Ã‚  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure  7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIALS   USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit weight of the material. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Availability of the material. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lead Time. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erection Time. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flexibility. f)  Ã‚  Durability. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor cost. h)  Ã‚  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid construc tions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ?  Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages-  The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages-  Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ?  Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?  Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages-  The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ?  Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2  DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the loca tion of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure  9: Node Design Plan| 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are  more complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure  10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower  | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure  11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During const ruction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Ã‚  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Ã‚  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  In-place welding. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  High strength bolts assembly. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting up perimeter girders |Figure  12:  Construction Plan of Diagrid  | | Figure  13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  Ã‚  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure  14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories   and an inter-story height of 4 . 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2  HEARST  TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect† in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level),   while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure  15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3  GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of   65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure  16:   Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  Ã‚   free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  Ã‚  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  Ã‚  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Ã‚  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ promi nent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  Ã‚  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not   thoroughly explored. 2)  Ã‚  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews   have little or no experience    creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  Ã‚  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  Ã‚  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th  World Congress, 2008. Diagrid DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of   biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION 2. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER  VERTICAL LOADING 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIALS  Ã‚  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HEARST  TOWER 5. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not   new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration sti ll holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   Ã‚  module is   Ã‚  discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of   Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a si ngle level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferr ing global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both  shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals  is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the  optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending  rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for  maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is  expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fo rdiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as  the building height increases, the optimal angle also  increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Height of the module:  Ã‚  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Base of the module:  Ã‚  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  Ã‚   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  Ã‚  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  Ã‚  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction  . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  Ã‚  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usua lly expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure  5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.    EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  Ã‚  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   Ã‚  both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure  6: Effect o f vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  Ã‚  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure  7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIALS   USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit weight of the material. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Availability of the material. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lead Time. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erection Time. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flexibility. f)  Ã‚  Durability. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor cost. h)  Ã‚  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid construc tions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ?  Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages-  The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages-  Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ?  Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?  Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages-  The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ?  Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2  DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the loca tion of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure  9: Node Design Plan| 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are  more complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure  10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower  | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure  11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During const ruction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Ã‚  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Ã‚  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  In-place welding. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  High strength bolts assembly. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting up perimeter girders |Figure  12:  Construction Plan of Diagrid  | | Figure  13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  Ã‚  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure  14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories   and an inter-story height of 4 . 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2  HEARST  TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect† in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level),   while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure  15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3  GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of   65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure  16:   Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  Ã‚   free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  Ã‚  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  Ã‚  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Ã‚  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ promi nent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  Ã‚  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not   thoroughly explored. 2)  Ã‚  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews   have little or no experience    creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  Ã‚  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  Ã‚  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th  World Congress, 2008.